Change of protein range of the blood plasma by donors depending of age
The concept “blood system” was suggested by the Russian scientist G.F. Lang in 1939 and included the following elements:
The peripheral blood circulating on vessels;
Bodies of hemopoiesis - red marrow, lien, lymph nodes;
3) Bodies destruction of blood - liver, lien, red marrow;
4) regulating apparatus.
The blood represents the opaque red liquid consisting of pale yellow plasma (the plasma, deprived a fibrin, refers to as Serum) and fluidized cells in it - red bloody the corpuscle (erythrocytes), white bloody the corpuscle (leucocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes).
Functions of the blood are diverse, but they can be aggregated in three groups: transport, regulator and protective.
To function of transport carry: conduction of gases (respiratory function) and the substances necessary for vital activity of cells or liable erasion from an organism.
In the second group it is possible to aggregate maintenance of a constancy of the acid-base equilibrium, maintenance of an exchange, and as humoral regulation of functions of various systems and tissues by conduction to them of Hormones and biologically active materials. Besides due to a high calorific capacity of the main component - waters, the blood provides distribution of heat formed during a metabolism, and its extraction in an environment through mild, respiratory paths and the skin surface.
The blood carries out in an organism and protective function. Due to linkage and destruction of foreign protein molecules, alien cells and microorganisms (pahgocytosis), the blood is the basic medium of exercise of immune protection of an organism. As to this group of functions it is possible to relate and coagulation of the blood.
Composition and physical and chemical properties of the blood reflect the shifts occurring in other liquids of internal medium and cells and consequently are the major diagnostic index.
The quantity or volume of the blood at the healthy person makes 6-8% of mass of a body (4-6 litres). The basic the element of the blood is plasma which on 90-91% will consist of water, 6,5-8% make protein, of 2% fall to the others low molecular organic and mineral substances.
Protein of the blood plasma and their function value.
In the blood plasma of the person contains about 200-300 g of protein. Depending on a structure and function properties protein of plasma divide into two basic groups: albumins and globulins. The globulin fraction as includes also fibrinogen. Their quantity and a kind are determined by means of electrophoresis.
Albuminums. Albuminums make about 60% of protein of plasma. Their functions: maintenance of osmotic pressure; transport of bilirubin, fatty acids, carbon dioxide, antibiotics, salts of serious metals, steroid hormones; a reserve of amino acids for synthesis of protein of an organism; maintenance of a constancy of acid-base equilibrium.
Globulins. This group of protein part on some fractions: an alpha, beta1-, beta2-and gamma-globulins. To gamma-globulins (immunoglobulins) carry the various antibodies protecting an organism from virus and bacterial infections. To gamma-globulins concern also agglutinins of bloods. Besides to globulins as carry fibrinogen.
Functions. The general protein of Serum will consist of an admixture of protein with different structure and functions. Fractionation is based on differential mobility of protein in the parting medium under action of an electric field. Routinely with a method of electrophoresis evolve 5-6 standard fractions: 1 - Albuminums and 4-5 fractions it is globulin (an alpha 1-, alpha-, the beta and gamma-globulins, sometimes separately evolve fractions of betas - 1 and betas - 2 is globulin). Globulin fractions are more diverse.
The fraction of alpha1-globulin includes peak-phase protein: alpha1-antitrypsin (the basic component of this fraction) - an inhibitor of many proteolytic enzymes - trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin and etc., and also alpha1-acidic glycoprotein (orosomucoid). It has a wide spectrum of functions, in a zone of an inflammation promotes fibrillogenesis. Transport protein concern to globulins: thyroxine - connecting a globulin, trankortin. With the help of alpha globulins the glucose, mucopolysaccharides, copper, thyroxine is transported.
Fraction alpha2-globulin mainly includes peak-phase protein - alpha2-macroglobulin, gaptoglobin, hepatocuprein, and also apolypoprotein B. Alpha2-makroglobulin (the basic component of fraction) participates in development of infectious and inflammatory reactions. Gaptoglobulin is glycoprotein which forms a complex with haemoglobin liberated from erythrocytes at an intravascular hemolysis, reclaimed then cells of reticuloendothelial system. The hepatocuprein - specifically binds ions of copper, and also is oxydase of acid ascorbinicum, epinephrine, dioxinephenylalanin (ДОФА), is capable to inactivate free radicals.
Alphas - lipoproteins participate in transport of lipids.
Fraction of beta-globulins contain transferrin (protein-carrier of iron), hemopexin (binds gemm, that prevents its removing by kidneys and loss of iron), components of a complement (participating in reactions of immunity), beta-lipoproteins and a part of immunoglobulins. Beta-globulins carry out transportation of phospholipids, cholesterin, steroid hormones, metal cations.
The fraction of gamma-globulins will consist of immunoglobulins, (in order of quantitative decrease IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE), functionally representing the antibodies providing humoral immune protection of an organism from infections and alien substances.
At many diseases there is an disorder of ratio of fractions of protein plasmas (disproteinemia).
Электрофорэграмма protein of the blood plasma
Disproteinemias are observed more often, than change of total of protein and at observation in dynamics can characterize a stage of disease, its duration, efficiency of conducted medical actions. In medicine has collected a lot of information on change of a spectrum of protein of plasma depending on the pathological processes occurring in an organism. We have set the task to study changes of protein fractions at ageing the blood as one of bodies of the person. It is possible to assume, that during ageing an organism it is necessary to give special attention to fraction an alpha of 1 globulin as this fraction participates in conduction of mucopolysaccharides and synthesis of a collagen. Most likely, the increased quantity of the given fraction of protein is connected to high ability of an organism as a whole to collagenesis, is especial in the dermal zone. At the same time, ageing of an organism, well-known, is connected to accumulation of serious phospholipids and cholesterin. For this process in an organism beta globulins answer. Taking into account these factors, we have suggested to enter factor of an age condition of the blood plasma as the relation of alpha globulin to beta globulin. In experiment used the blood plasma of healthy donors in the age of from 18 till 55 years. Serum of the blood divided into fractions with the help of electrophoresis (photo 1).
Photo 2
Electrophoregram of the proteins of the blood plasma
Indexes of quantity an alpha 1 it globulin divided into indexes of beta globulins. 68 samples of Serum of the blood of healthy donors participated in experiment. All samples have been broken on four age groups. The first - 18-25 years, the second - 26-34 years, the third - 35-45 years and the fourth - 46-55 years. The data of experiment are listed in Figure 8.
As we see, we fix the legible tendency of reeducation of the given index on 27% with 20 years up to 50 years old. The given index directly is connected with reeducation of GAG in the skin, and accordingly and with ageing the dermis as body of the person.
We consider, that it is possible and advisable to use an index of ratio of alpha1 globulin to beta globulins as an integrated biochemical index of youth of the skin during life cycle of an organism in the dermistocosmetology, reflecting not only ageing as a whole, but also capable to estimate activity of collagenesis in dermal structures.
Figure 8
Changes of ratios of globular proteins of the blood plasma at donors depending on age.
Age group (years)
Correlation of globulins (alpha 1/beta)
